Social Anthropology and Politics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1501 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? Ethnography is a form of anthropology in which an ethnographer studies the customs and behaviors to describe a group or culture. Ethnographers can study anything ranging from a small exotic land to a classroom anywhere in the world. (Fetterman 1998, 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Anthropology and Politics" essay for you Create order What it means, precisely, to behave ethically and in a matter that is politically correct, is a line of inquiry that challenges this discipline. This is so because the questions raised are broad and difficult to answer. However, there are certain actions and behaviors that are universally understood to be unethical and politically incorrect as these relate to ethnography. Since the researchers job is to extract the relevant, unknown and critical areas of the subjects life, culture, and daily routine, conflicting data, and subjective personalities can easily interfere with the collection and analysis of credible and usable information. Certainly, the approach and methodology employed by the researcher, as well as his or her temperament, in relation to the subject matter, all affect the integrity of the data and the conclusions drawn from it. Thus, the ethnographers awareness of these factors is a crucial component in the ethnographic process and should be learned, appreciated and appl ied by its practitioners. The accuracy of the ethnographers data collection efforts are routinely and continually challenged by both ethical and political factors that conflict or impair the researchers results. Often, these conflicts occur because the researcher is not in tune with the implicit meaning of the spoken and unspoken communication of the subject (or group of subjects). Many communications, although apparently straightforward on the surface, are misinterpreted or misconstrued because the ethnographer is not familiar with the subtleties of the subject community. Thus, it seems, that the ethnographers research can be affected and even tarnished if he or she is not aware of and sensitive to the ethical and political perspectives of the subject community. This awareness will impact how the ethnographer approaches his or her methodology of acquiring valid information from different groups or cultures. Thus, the different methods that ethnographers use in their research studies, must be synchronized with the political and ethical issues that will likely affect the information elicited. Anthropological self-questioning concerning the conditions and outcomes of knowledge production are especially acute where ethnography is concerned. The basics of most anthropological guidelines stress the principles of seeking informed consent, not causing harm to individu als, leaving the field situation in the way one found it, and safeguarding confidentiality. Clearly, the more skilled ethnographers employ a great deal of thoughtfulness and organization when preparing for their research projects. Successful research can and will lead to significant findings, but poor research will not. One of the crucial steps that an ethnographer-interviewer takes in preparation of an interview, is the formulation of a grand tour question that is designed to elicit a broad picture of the participants life or culture (Fetterman 1998, 40). Verbal interaction is the primary conduit of an interview, but can also be a source of conflict and concern unless the ethnographer is attuned to potential differences with respect to the meaning of key words and concepts. Words and expressions have different meanings in different cultures and therefore can be communicated, processed and understood in various ways and, in some cases, the completely wrong way (Fetterman 1998, 38). Often, these misinterpretations can lead to ethical conflicts when a subject takes offense at an ethnographers accidental poor choice of wording or the ethnographer makes an erroneous assumption or judgment about the subject or their native land. A significant aspect of an ethnographers research methodology is travel. Many ethnographer-researchers travel to remote parts of the world in order to witness and engage with other cultures (immersion). It is important that the ethnographer strive to adapt to the subject culture and, at the same time, guard against his or her own cultural biases to be perceived by the subjects. What is clear is that this form of cultural immersion enables the ethnographer to learn a great deal about the communication and cultural aspects of the subject as well as their collective sense of self. A particular concern noted by Madison occurs when the ethnographer assumes a posture of superiority. This often leads to and results in a tacit, or overt, power struggle between the researcher and the subject, and positionality arises as a result. This dynamic is considered an ethical concern because it is neither conducive for the ethnographer or the native subject to have power over the other. In the case where the ethnographer becomes too self-obsessed due to his or her superior education, they may lose track of the reason as to why they are really there, and start to overpower the natives. (Madison 2005, 105). Certainly, this power struggle will result in inferior data. Ethnographies are designed to be holistic accounts that strive to present comprehensive accounts of another society and its culture, showing the interrelation of elements such as political organization, religion, law, kinship, mythology, and subsistence practices. Intimate, face-to-face research can be politically sensitive and can heighten the self-consciousness of all parties involved. The experiential and subjective nature of this mode of research opens anthropological reflections to the humanities and to ways of becoming involved in social issues (Brown 2004). Despite all of the incredible research undertaken by ethnographers, they must be continually on the alert for ethical, as well as political, issues that arise in the course of their research. In fact, political concerns may be ever more problematic because of their subtlety. Community politics has always been closely involved with issues of research and ethics. Mo re attention has been dedicated to this political concern, as it affects ethnography, since the 1970s. Issues involving gender, class, ethnicity, social strata and the like can easily affect the quality of data obtained by ethnographic research. Even when the intent is to the contrary, an ethnographer can at times make his or her subject feel uncomfortable or self-conscious by the way that questions are phrased or by over-sharing their political opinion. Generally, people are politically sensitive. Each culture has different perspectives and tolerances that are acceptable to them. An outsider trying to immerse ones self into an entirely different culture, can unintentionally but easily cause political conflict and sensitivity to surface. In groups or cultures where a specific political view is widely shared and, on the surface accepted as the norm, many subjects will hide their opposing thoughts because of the prevailing political thought in their communities. The political climate will often inhibit or dilute the communication of the truth in peoples hearts. John Provinse, was mainly concerned with problems of a political nature regarding ethnography. When Australian and Melanesian ethnography was developed in the early 1900s, it influenced studies of kinship, religion and social structure. However, there was no emphasis on the study of political issues. Since these nations were small, they did not have widely differing political opinions. While studying in Melanesia, anthropologist Malinowski decided to create a functional school of anthropology where the primary focus would be on the study of systems and behavior in various societies. This opened up one of the earlier definitive ethnographic study of political movements and studies. This movement toward political anthropology began when trained students from small lands encountered large-scale lands in Africa. In fact, they were compelled to study government and politics (Provinse 1953. 18). Since, initially, they were not familiar with these types of society and political problems, they had to compare their data to other anthropologists working in very different places. Radcliffe-Brown came up with a definition to define the politics which were involved in isolating essentials of political organization: In studying political organization, we have to deal with the maintenance or establishment of social order, within a territorial framework, by the organized exercise of coercive authority through the use, or the possibility of use, of physical force (Hammer 2002, 22). This shift in ethnographers studies, produced a change in the type of data they now collect through observation. It also caused the rapid growth of political parties and the emergence of new political regimes which altered anthropologists conception of ethnography. Anthropological studies dealing with national political parties and their impact upon local political events began to appear in the late 1950s. In a period of contending interests, most studies deal with competition, with conflict, and with rapid change (Gluckman 1965). Given the unique nature of ethnographic research, which distinguishes it from impersonal archival work, mass-administered questionnaires and number crunching, public surveillance, and more remote ways of interpreting peoples behaviors and their meanings, many fields and diverse interests have become attracted to ethnography (Gluckman 1965). Ethnography, when carefully undertaken and performed, can yield incredibly enlightening information about a culture. Clearly, the most important discoveries are those that are not obvious but require digging deeper and penetrating barriers. When the ethnographer is able to overcome or account for ethical or political concerns that might affect the quality of data obtained, and then controls for these factors, this will likely yield more accurate information and provide a basis for more realistic conclusions relating to a subject culture.

Essay on The History of Motion Pictures - 1799 Words

The History of Motion Pictures No matter who a person thinks invented the motion picture camera, whether it was Louis Lumiere or Thomas Edison, Im sure they had no idea what it would become at the turn of the century. Motion pictures, has become an entertainment medium like no other. From Fred Otts Sneeze to Psycho to Being John Malkovich, the evolution from moving pictures to a pure art form has been quite amazing. Different steps in filming techniques define eras in one of the most amazing ideas that was ever composed. Silent to Sound. Short to long. Black and white to color. Analog to Digital. All were important marks in the History of Motion Pictures. Its different than other arts. It had to be invented As for the†¦show more content†¦And the film is filmed at 24 frames per second. Therefore one second is equal to 24/500 frames. That means that only 5% of the film is actually being presented. And the human eye compensates, and the spectator thinks he is seeing motion and about 95% percent more than he or she actually is. An average length for a movie these days is roughly one and one half-hours long. In reality you are seeing only 41/2 minutes of pure film. The brain makes up the rest. Knowing this, Edison set out to make a motion picture machine. Edison saw no commercial value in it, which is somewhat ironic, but still decided to make it anyway. In an interview in 1887 he said, It is possible to devise an instrument, which should do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear. Edison assigned the aforementioned, William Kennedy Dickson to pursue the research and development of his idea. Dickson discovered is that they machine must use light. That may seem very obvious but light was fairly new and somebody had to come up with the idea it must be incorporated in Edisons idea. For film, Dickson used a 1 and  ½ inch wide strip of celluloid. Celluloid was brittle and broke easily but it continued to be used. George Eastman discovered a better substance for film. It was called Eastman film. Eastman had developed the film for Edisons already invented kinetograph. So using that name, Dickson developed a machine he called theShow MoreRelatedMotion Picture History968 Words   |  4 Pagescomedy, the Western, mystery, horror, romance, melodrama, and the war story. More and more large cinemas were built, and the major producers expanded their distributing systems and bought entire chains of theaters. Major studios attempted to produce a picture a week. A typical film show consisted of a feature starring big-name players, a short comedy, and a newsreel. The 1922 film Nanook of the North, directed by the American Robert Flaherty, is often credited as the first great achievement of documentaryRead More Motion Picture History Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagescomedy, the Western, mystery, horror, romance, melodrama, and the war story. More and more large cinemas were built, and the major producers expanded their distributing systems and bought entire chains of theaters. Major studios attempted to produce a picture a week. A typical film show consisted of a feature starring big-name players, a short comedy, and a newsreel. The 1922 film Nanook of the North, directed by the American Robert Flaherty, is often credited as the first great achievement of documentaryRead More Technology: The Evolution of Animation Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesover history. Today when one thinks about animation it is impossible not to think of Disney and their major motion pictures. The Shreck films, Finding Nemo, and Happy Feet, to name just some of the dozens of animated films Disney has produced, raked in million upon millions of dollars at the box office, and have been hit films with people in all age groups. Animation is a quick display of a sequence of 2-D images that give the illusion of movement. Attempts to create the simulation of motion canRead MoreHow Did Directors And Film Execution Begin?1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinspiration in reference to illusion and or motion. The first ever phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope was created to portray a moving picture which some called an optical illusion. This invention was created by Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau and the small toy seemed to create motion and that’s where motion pictures begin However, directing and filmmaking began as a bet. In 1878, Englishman Eadweard Muybridge created a brief moving picture known as The Horse in Motion. California senator Leland StanfordRead MoreModern Day Color And Sound Motion Pictures1323 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The desire for a sense of motion, action, and narrative (cinema’s roots) stretch all the way back to prehistory with cave drawings†¦ In fact, the entire history of human accomplishment in the visual arts seems to reveal a deep seated desire to represent time, space, and action visually- and as vividly as possible†. (Lewis 5) Throughout history, people have exhibited a need to be entertained and a need for hope or something to look forward to. Without anything to live for, something to strive forRead MoreFilm Review : Making A Film1181 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess the head people in charge make preparations for the film. For example they hold auditions to know what the cast and film crew to hire, the y begin to build sets for the film, and they begin searching for and choosing the locations for the motion picture. This part of the process is when the film begins to take its shape. The script is put to action and it is then recorded during the film shoot. During this process, it is when the director has their ideas brought to life. While filming, thingsRead MoreThe History And Evolution Of Sony Pictures1682 Words   |  7 Pages The History and Evolution of Sony Pictures The motion picture industry has endowed us an ample amount of many years of history and excitement throughout America. Without films in today’s social and cultural society, how could we be perceptive to historical events, current situations, or future expectations? Sony Pictures have come a long way to be where they are now. To begin, Sony Pictures was founded in 1918 by two brothers by the name of Harry and Jack Cohn. Harry Cohn was born on the dayRead MoreAnalysis Of Mississippi Burning1096 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of civil rights movements to all those who seeks indiscrimination. This motion picture was about the three common right laborers who were killed while they take an interest in a voter red rice. The passing of these three social liberties laborers turned into the base of contention in the film. In the 1960s, isolation ruled in Mississippi ,as well as it happen generally wherever in the United States. In the motion picture after the three young men were missing , two agents sent by department ofRead MoreEvolution of Film1138 Words   |  5 Pageskey part in developing motion pictures created over the ages. Beginning with The Great Train Robbery in 1903, the early nineteen hundreds started a new era of American life. Charlie Chaplin led the way with his comical tales of the tramp in his lovable favorites: Modern Times, The Kid, City Lights, and Limelight (â€Å"Silent Films†, 1). Another significant figure in the era of silent film was Mary Pickford, â€Å"America’s Sweetheart†. She left a lasting impression on the motion pictures business by co-foundingRead More Technology Film Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesmachine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies. It was called the â€Å"wheel of life† or â€Å"zoopraxiscope† and was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. Moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. Frenchman Louis Lumiere is usually credited with the creation of the first motion picture camera in 1895, but several others were invented around the

Othello †Race and Stereotypes Free Essays

Othello’s race does not prominently impact his demise, although Shakespeare touches upon the issue of race, the reason for Othello’s demise lies somewhere else. However, the allegations of race directly lead to its tragic ending. Feelings of inadequacy and distrust without question aid in the tragedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello – Race and Stereotypes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fact that Othello’s skin color is important alters the interpretation of the tragedy within the play. The racism represented in Othello is not just about an instance of prejudices and prejudgments made by a crowd of people against another, but in fact has much more subtle and devastating consequences, specifically, that it is proliferated not only by the discriminatory section of society, but also by the target of this discrimination. Although Othello didn’t initially validate any of the stereotypical qualities that certain people labeled him with, he began adapting to them as he started to doubt himself. By coming to the assumption that he is in a racially inferior position, Othello struggled in dealing with the stereotypes appropriately, thereby only increasing his own struggle with his race. If Othello didn’t have such inferior complex and instead had faith within him, the conflict would never have ascended. Rather than tagging the play Othello as anti-racist or a discriminatory play, there is a substantial lesson that can be learned. From a racial perspective, the tragedy exposes the powerful outcomes that racial differences can generate when in conjunction with one’s personal self-doubt. With Iago’s manipulations the notions of race were provoked for Brabantio, Rodrigo, and Othello, activating any suppressed racial prejudices and self-doubt. It seems obvious that Iago has strong feelings of personal inadequacy and is jealous and resentful of the love shared between Othello and Desdemona. However, Iago’s motive seems to be more than that. I thought his hatred was from his own personal dissatisfaction, but when he becomes lieutenant he is still unhappy and goes for the total destruction of Othello’s life. So, I tried to see what it would be like to put my feet in Iago’s shoes, to feel his hatred and of course connect what the play is about. It then hit me that through Iago’s judgments Othello is â€Å"the Moor† and should therefore exemplify the common idea of a moor, which is not admiration, self-worth, and fortune; it is one of disconnectedness and dependency. When he says that â€Å"nothing can or shall content his soul/ Till he is evened with the Moor, wife for wife† (Act 2: Scene), he means that he is satisfied until Othello’s ife is made equal with his involving feelings of inadequacy and jealousy, which are all qualities fitting to a â€Å"moor†. Throughout the play Iago repetitively uses derogatory remarks when speaking of Othello so to encourage certain people in the play to endure racism and confirm that it was the norm. Even so, some of Iago’s semantics reveal his own prejudices. For example, Iago only refers to Othello as a â€Å"Moor† with the exception of when he refers to Othello as the â€Å"black Othello† (Act 2: Scene 3). Iago hates Othello because he is â€Å"the Moor† yet does not symbolize the expected role of what is thought of to be a black man in these times. There is neither reason nor logic behind his hatred, but discrimination against one seldom has reason, for it is characteristically irrational thinking. Iago is a clear illustration of what racism is and will justify his irrational thoughts with anything, just as Iago contributes to Brabantio and Rodrigo’s reasoning behind their actions and Othello’s reasons for acting out on his uncertainties and self-doubt ultimately leading to his demise and an all-around tragedy. How to cite Othello – Race and Stereotypes, Essay examples

Operations and Supply Chain Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Write an essay on Operations and Supply Chain Management. Answer: 1. Introduction In order to manage the operations in the trade services, the operation and the supply chain management are designed. The procedures with the help of which the raw materials are converted to the final products by a company are referred to as the operation (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014). BMW also known as the Bavarian Motor Works was founded in the year 1917 and is headquartered in Germany. It is one of the largest manufacturing automobile companies. It also has a strong customer base due to brand associated with the name. BMW is also among the top three brands that includes Rolls-Royce as well as Mini. With the help of the build-to-order supply chain, BMW is able to meet the requirements of its customers. The team members of BMW are very hard working and they are efficient enough to prepare the canvas. BMW is the parent company of the Rolls-Royce cars. The logo of BMW that is a circular white and blue mainly signifies the movement of an aircraft propeller. In the year 1966, BMW obtained the Hans Glas Company which is based in Germany (Roth et al. 2016). 2. The competitive priorities of BMW 2.1 The strategy plan The strategy plan by BMW is to maintain a competitive edge in order to keep the products in the introduction as well as the development stage. In order to execute that BMW will introduce new models in each of its line of product. The competitive advantage has been gained by BMW by generating the energetic as well innovative and well-organized cars (Bustinza et al. 2013). 2.2 The competitive priorities The company builds a reliable theme via the line of product as well as through the marketing slogan. The differentiation advantage helped BMW to exceed the unit sales of Mercedes as well as the dollar sales in the United States. The competitive priorities of BMW are based on the following points: Status and achievement the category under which BMW belongs to is the premium car category. The control of the car model of BMW can thus be inferred as a symbol of achievement as well as communal status in the society. The incorporation of the effectual design as well as features to each model of BMW BMW needs to incorporate the innovate design to each of its brand so that it is not identical to the features that are common. Competitive after-sales service the customers mainly values the customer services that are related to the post-sales service. BMW has incorporated this service and has also received positive approval (Kim 2014). 3. Operations Management the Company 3.1 Why Operations Management Is Important To Company? The operation management is required and important to BMW in the sense that the operations management helps in increasing the revenue by increasing the satisfaction of the customer. One of the most vital features of operation management is that of the team management. The team management helps to summarize the methodologies of working in BMW. The importance of team management also lies in the fact that the organization like BMW mainly supports the teams which are cross functional which in turn helps in solving the problems faced by the company. The cross functional team are basically very efficient and helps in resolving all the problems (Peng and Lai 2012). Another most vital feature of operation management is that of the strategic management. This management helps in implementing the strategies efficiently. The strategic management helps BMW to implement the various strategies originated by the organization in the functional context (David and David 2016). Figure: The BMW (Source: The Telegraph, 2016) 3.1.1 Change Management Change management is another most important feature of the operation management particularly in the automobile segment. The change management mainly develops the necessary changes that are required by the company. It has been predicted by BMW that almost 25 percent of the value of the car is driven by electronics (Hornstein 2015). The process management maintains the competence as well as the efficacy of BMW. BMW disquiets itself with the optimal utilization of monetary as well as human resources while dealing with the effectiveness aspects (Frankland et al. 2013). 3.1.2 Quality Management The last and the most important part of the operational management is that of the quality management that helps in maintain the quality. It mainly deals with the fact that BMW is able to meet the goods as well as the service standard. This particular feature is very important for BMW as the company is very crucial regarding the goods that it generates for the individuals or the consumers. In order to meet the taste and the preferences of the consumer, it is very important to have a suitable quality management. Some advances have been made by BMW in terms of the quality (Goetsch and Davis 2014). 3.2 Operations Management Supports the Company in Achieving Its Priorities The priorities of a company are competitive and this competitive priority of a company is mainly crucial. The competitive priorities of BMW will depend on the short and the long term strategies of the business so as to gain a competitive edge over the competitors. The operation management will be able to support the company in achieving the priorities in the following ways: The operations management will help the company to lower the cost so as to have a competitive edge in the market. The company needs to follow a rigorous process in order to ensure the efficiency in each procedure. The operation cost needs to be lowered so as to maintain an excellent customer base (Hill et al. 2014). The operation management will also help the company to deal properly with time and elasticity. An organization needs to undergo various product differentiation in the competitive market in order to achieve their priorities. BMW thus has a competitive edge over the competitors as it is able to achieve the priorities by customizing the products (Monczka et al. 2015). The operation management will help the company to maintain a top and a consistent quality of its model. As a result, BMW needs to focus on the generation of the top notch excellence products as well as services (Schnsleben 2016). The operation management will also guide regarding the on-time delivery system so that they can achieve their priorities. 4. Companys Common Operations Management Practices (Source: Created by Author) The practice of an operation management in a company includes the following: The practice of an operation management has become mature and the practice has begun to shift the interest from the explanation of the value (Slack 2015). The operation management practices helps to establish a framework for the companies in order to align the individuals and also to architect the process (Hayes 2014). There are also various strategic issues which are mainly handled by the operation management and they also include the organization at the registered levels. 5. Companys Issues Resolution 5.1 Issues Experienced By the Company 5.1.1 Issues The issue that had been faced by BMW is in terms of the innovation as well as variation in the product that has been committed by the company. The issue that the company experienced was the complexity as well as the difficulty of the operation of the premium luxury cars of BMW. Due the complexity that has been offered to the luxury cars, the manufacturing cost has also increased. It is quite risky and prolonged to develop the new models as well their parts (Allen et al. 2013). Another issue that has been faced by the company is in terms of the competition that it has been facing from other manufactures of automobiles. The strategy made by BMW has been affected by the competition due to the sluggish growth in the automobile industry (Keller 2014). Globalization on the other hand has also been an important reason for affecting the sales of BMW. In todays world, globalization has been a great concern and that is the very reason the governments are forcing the automobile companies to go green. As a result, BMW had to undergo a huge cost in order to incorporate environment friendly engines. This will in turn increase the cost of the car (Scott 2013). 5.1.2 Resolution BMW needs to make use of the technologically sound Intel Xenon workstation 5500 series that will help the company to stabilize the hardware as well as the application authorizing cost. This will in turn help to increase the performance of the car. The processor will help to run the new applications as well as it allows the models to be tested and created virtually. The competition issue can also be avoided by BMW as it has introduced an innovative model that includes x5 and z4. These models are made with advanced electronics which will make the cars luxurious and also sporty. 5.2 Operations/Supply Chain Management Can Help Resolve Issues 5.2.1 The Supply Chain management Supply chain management is crucial for the success of an organization as it helps to resolve the issues faced by the organization. BMW mainly needs the supply chain management when they have to make a decision regarding the fact that where they have to make a new capacity. The supply chain management involves the purchasing as well as the quality and the logistics workers as they not only deal with the development of the parts of the vehicle but also a supply chain right up to the suppliers. The supply chain management procedure involves the requirement for a sophisticated information technology and it also involves the management of information (Christopher 2016). 5.2.2 The operation management The operation management can resolve the issues by determining the size of the manufacturing plants as well as the methods that are related to the management of project. The main aim of the operation management is to involve the objective of the use of raw materials. It also ensures a minimal occurrence of waste. The operation management also understands the international and the domestic trends of the demand of the customers (Krajewski et al. 2013). 6. Process Map A process map is flow chart or a flow diagram of a workplace, which helps in generating a clear knowledge about the procedures, involved in the organization. A process is mainly a prearranged set of activities that helps in converting the inputs into outputs. The process map in turn helps to explain this process visually. It is mainly defined as a sequence that helps to give the details of the step involved in a process. During the manufacturing process, the body of the automobile is formed and painted and then it put in the stacker (Malinova et al. 2014) Figure: The process map (Source: Created by Author) Figure: The Swim Lane process map (Source: Created by Author) 7. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that BMW is also among the top three brands that includes Rolls-Royce as well as Mini. The category under which BMW belongs to is the premium car category. BMW disquiets itself with the optimal utilization of monetary as well as human resources while dealing with the effectiveness aspect. The issue that had been faced by BMW is in terms of the innovation as well as variation in the product that has been committed by the company. As a result, the operation management will help the company to maintain a top and a consistent quality of its model. The importance of team management also lays the organization like BMW mainly supports the teams which are cross functional which in turn helps in solving the problems faced by the company. References Allen, D.E., Kramadibrata, A.R., Powell, R.J. and Singh, A.K., 2013. Default Risk in the European Automotive Industry.International Review of Business Research Papers,9(1), pp.22-37. Bustinza, O.F., Arias-Aranda, D. and Barrales-Molina, V., 2013. Strategic Information and Customer-Oriented Systems: The Role of Competitive Priorities. InDiversity, Technology, and Innovation for Operational Competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Technology Innovation and Industrial Management(pp. S1_17-17). ToKnowPress. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Keller, M., 2014.BMW: Entering the Automobile Market in Brazil: Critical Analysis and Evaluation of the Automobile Market in Brazil. GRIN Verlag. Kim, B., 2014. Effective supply chain strategy to enhance firms responsiveness: empirical evidence from the BMW Leipzig plant.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,18(1), pp.21-37. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Malinova, M., Leopold, H. and Mendling, J., 2014. A Meta-Model for Process Map Design. InCAiSE (Forum/Doctoral Consortium)(pp. 25-32). Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Pagell, M. and Shevchenko, A., 2014. Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), pp.44-55.. Peng, D.X. and Lai, F., 2012. Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research.Journal of Operations Management,30(6), pp.467-480. Roth, A., Singhal, J., Singhal, K. and Tang, C.S., 2016. Knowledge Creation and Dissemination in Operations and Supply Chain Management.Production and Operations Management. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press.